Fig. 2: Impacts of climate change and fishing on commercial macrofauna biomass and related carbon export.

BOATS ensemble projections of global change (%) in carbon stock (biomass), fecal pellets and carcasses production in the absence (a, c, e) and presence (b, d, f) of fishing, with and without climate change (SSP 1-2.6 in blue and SSP 5-8.5 in red), relative to the reference period (1950–1959). In b, d, f (red curves), fishing mostly affects the historical period because fishing is kept constant after 2014, while climate change mostly affects the future trends. The thick solid lines represent the average value, while shading represents the standard deviation calculated from BOATS simulations for the five sets of parameters and forced with two ESM (n = 10, see “Methods” section). Icon created in BioRender. Mariani, G. (2025) https://BioRender.com/8hxgiqu.