Fig. 1: Interlinking multiscale, dynamic high-order structure to synchronously enhance the fatigue threshold and modulus of self-healing materials.

a Comparison of Young’s modulus and fatigue threshold of our work and other reported viscoelastic materials; the statistical data can be found in Table 1. b Schematic of multiscale structures comprising a nanoscale continuous hard phase and microscale 3D-interconnected framework; this hierarchical design enhances energy storage, leading to an amplified fatigue threshold as modeled by the generalized Lake-Thomas theory²⁹. c Schematic illustration of multiscale stress deconcentration, where robust interfacial hydrogen bonds between the continuous hard phase and the 3D-interconnected MXene framework facilitate stress transfer between dynamic high-order structures across different scales; the red region indicates the area subjected to stress. Source Data are provided as a Source Data file.