Fig. 4: Catalytic performance evaluation.

Catalytic performance of Cu-NOC series catalysts with CuCl₂/AC and CuPC/AC as reference, expressed as the yield of vinyl chloride monomer Y(VCM) at a 393–553 K, 50 h⁻¹ and b 493 K, 180–1000 h⁻¹; c The reaction window for Cu-NOC-973 (393–553 K, 50–360 h⁻¹); d Apparent activation energy of the Cu-NOC series catalysts with CuCl₂/AC as reference; e Long-term stability of Cu-NOC-973 at 493 K with a GHSV(C₂H₂) of 50 h⁻¹, and corresponding HAADF-STEM images for the used catalysts; f XAFS curves fitting in R space and g TG and DTG analysis for used Cu-NOC-973 catalysts; h Comparison of STY of acetylene hydrochlorination catalyzed by Cu-NOC-973 catalysts and by reference metal catalysts (Supplementary Fig. 23). VCM selectivity for investigated catalysts in this work were >99.5% unless otherwise noted.