Fig. 3: Associations between physical activity and covariates in people with epilepsy.
From: Physical activity levels may impact on the risk of premature mortality in people with epilepsy
a Spearman correlation heatmap showing associations between sedentary duration, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and covariates. Colors encode Spearman correlation coefficients. b–d Scatter plots showing relationships between BMI and (b) sedentary duration, c LPA, and (d) MVPA. Each point is one independent participant. The solid line is the regression fit; the shaded band denotes the 95% confidence interval. Statistics are Spearman’s rank correlation, two-sided; r and P are shown in-panel. Center and error: regression line and 95% CI. e–g Scatter plots showing relationships between Charlson comorbidity score and (e) sedentary duration, f LPA, and (g) MVPA. Each point is one independent participant. The solid line denotes the regression fit with 95% confidence band. Statistics are Spearman’s rank correlation, two-sided; r and P are shown in-panel. Center and error: regression line and 95% CI. h–j Box plots comparing (h) sedentary duration, i LPA, and (j) MVPA between males and females. Sample sizes per box: Male (n = 559), Female (n = 608). k–m Box plots comparing (k) sedentary duration, l LPA, and (m) MVPA between participants with and without long-term disability. Sample sizes per box: Yes (n = 734), No (n = 433). n–p Box plots comparing (n) sedentary duration, o LPA, and (p) MVPA across education levels. Sample sizes per box: Below college degree (n = 681), Above college degree (n = 486). q–s Box plots comparing (q) sedentary duration, r LPA, and (s) MVPA across self-rated overall health categories. Sample sizes per box: Excellent (n = 161), Good (n = 608), Fair (n = 306), Poor (n = 92). Box-plot definitions (applies to h–s): center line = median; box bounds = 25th and 75th percentiles (IQR); whiskers extend to 1.5 × IQR; points beyond whiskers are outliers. For two-group comparisons (gender, long-term disability, education level), group differences were evaluated using two-sided independent-samples t tests (Welch’s correction). n denotes the number of independent participants; For scatter plots, center and error refer to the fitted line and its 95% CI. All statistical tests were two-sided, and P values < 0.001 are reported in scientific notation in panels.
