Fig. 6: CPFE modeling of dendrite-scale deformation and model validation.
a RVE used in simulations. b Directions of residual deformation and residual stresses, where \({F}_{{{{\rm{p}}}},0}^{{\mbox{xx}}}\) is the dominant xx component within the residual deformation gradient tensor \({{{{\bf{F}}}}}_{{{{\rm{p}}}},0}\), which is used to capture the residual stresses, with the detailed demonstration in Fig. S6 and Supplementary Method 1. c–h Simulated stress/strain distributions within the gauge region of RVE at varying temperatures and global strain levels. i Model validation based on the stress-strain curves of SXs without TGMs (heat treated for 12 h). j Comparison between experimental and simulated strain εxx distribution within slip band, where the experimental strains are extracted from window B in Fig. 3k. k Comparison between experimental and simulated lateral strain εyy distribution to calibrate the magnitude of residual deformation gradient, in which the experimental strains are extracted from window A in Fig. 3l.
