Table 2 The barriers to building decarbonization according to the carbon lock-in framework

Carbon Lock-In Framework	Economic %	Political %	Social %	Behavioral %	Technical %
High Up-front Costs	10	0	0	0	0
Inadequate Technical Validation	8	3	1	1	4
Inadequate Workforce Competence	3	0	2	0	4
Uncertain Fiscal Policy	3	1	0	0	0
Inadequate Supply Channels	1	1	2	0	1
Volatile Energy Prices	1	0	0	0	0
Uncertain Regulations	0	11	0	2	0
Burdensome Permitting	0	1	0	0	0
Unfavorable Regulations	0	0	1	0	0
Infrastructure Limitations	0	0	0	0	8
Monopoly Power	0	0	0	0	0
Misinformation	0	0	0	0	0
Other	11	7	8	8	1

Table of barrier thematic category and categories of previously established carbon lock-in concept. Columns indicate the percentage of barriers as clustered by Economic, Political, Social, Behavioral and Technical thematic categories, which align with 65% of the categories previously defined in carbon lock-in framework (see Fig. 1b, this paper). Economic barriers are most prominent, especially within infrastructure and institutional domains. Political, social, behavioral, and technical barriers are more unevenly represented. Gaps in coverage reveal opportunities to extend the framework and incorporate social/organizational and behavioral dynamics.

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