Fig. 2: Environmental variations of viral populations and virus-host linkage.

a Mantel test of abiotic variables and viral communities. Variables that are significant are marked in red (contaminated sites) or green (non-contaminated sites). EC electronic conductivity, SOC total organic carbon, TN total nitrogen, WaterC water content, AvaiP available phosphorus, AvaiK available potassium. b Relationships between richness of prokaryote and virus with abiotic variables. The error bands represent the estimated 95% confidence interval. Statistical significance for regression coefficients was assessed using a two-sided t-test (n = 323). c Phylogenetic tree and viral population distribution based on high quality MAGs. Taxa of ten major phylum-level bacterial with high abundance are annotated. The outer bar chart represents the number of vOTUs for each MAG.