Fig. 1: In-depth spectroscopic and morphological examination of sodium lignosulfonate-modified layered double hydroxides (LDH-SL) nanoparticles and LDH-SL thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: In-depth spectroscopic and morphological examination of sodium lignosulfonate-modified layered double hydroxides (LDH-SL) nanoparticles and LDH-SL thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes.

From: Nanofiller-confined spatial fluctuation in monomer diffusion synthesizing ultrafast reverse osmosis membranes driven by hydrogen-bonding networks

Fig. 1: In-depth spectroscopic and morphological examination of sodium lignosulfonate-modified layered double hydroxides (LDH-SL) nanoparticles and LDH-SL thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes.

a X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern illustrating the crystalline phases. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of b LDH and c 2LDH-1SL depicting the morphological structure. d Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum validating the presence of functional groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of e thin-film composite (TFC) and h 2LDH-1SL TFN membranes showcasing the surface morphology of the membranes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, as well as root mean square roughness (RMS) measurements for f TFC and i 2LDH-1SL TFN membranes, represent their surface roughness characteristics. Cross-sectional SEM images of g TFC and j 2LDH-1SL TFN membranes accentuating the membranes’ thickness. k X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra, accompanied by high-resolution l N 1s and m O 1s spectra highlighting the elemental composition (inserted water contact angles (WCAs) illustrating hydrophilicity). n Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) underscoring the fractional free volume (FFV) and pore size (R3) of the membranes.

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