Fig. 4: Separation performance of various membranes. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Separation performance of various membranes.

From: Nanofiller-confined spatial fluctuation in monomer diffusion synthesizing ultrafast reverse osmosis membranes driven by hydrogen-bonding networks

Fig. 4: Separation performance of various membranes.

a The impact of the sodium lignosulfonate (SL) doping ratio on the water permeance and salt rejection of SL-modified layered double hydroxides (LDH-SL) thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes. b The influence of 2LDH-1SL nanoparticle dosage on the water permeance and salt rejection of LDH-SL TFN membranes. c The contributions of LDH (LDH TFN), lignin (LDH-L TFN), and SL (LDH-SL TFN) to the enhanced membrane separation performance. d Long-term separation performance of conventional TFC membrane and 2LDH-1SL TFN membrane. e A comprehensive comparison of water permeance and water/NaCl selectivity (A/B) between the 2LDH-1SL TFN membrane and the state-of-the-art thin-film composite (TFC)/TFN reverse osmosis (RO) membranes reported in the literature (detailed water permeance and salt rejection data are provided in Supplementary Table 4). Data are presented as mean values, with error bars representing the standard deviation from three independent measurements.

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