Table 2 Study 2: Characteristics of the children with virally suppressed HIV and without HIV during the 6-month measurement period, showing values at baseline, midpoint (3 months) and endpoint (6 months) by group

From: Iron absorption and loss, and efficacy of iron supplementation with and without prebiotics in children with virally suppressed HIV: three prospective studies in South Africa

 

Children with HIV

Children without HIV

P valuea

n

29

36

Time

Group

Time x group

Female/male sex assigned at birth, n (%)

10/19

11/25

-

0.861

-

Age, y

     

 Baseline

12.0 (10.4–12.6)

12.1 (10.8–13.3)

-

0.394

-

Height-for-age Z-score

     

 Baseline

−0.81 (−1.44–0.17)

−0.06 (−0.68–0.59)

-

0.004

-

Weight-for-age Z-score

     

 Baseline

−0.80 (−1.33– −0.14)

0.19 (−0.70– 0.84)

-

<0.001

-

Body mass index for age Z score

     

 Baseline

−0.63 (−0.86– −0.03)

0.32 (−0.59– 0.88)

-

0.003

-

Height, cm

     

 Baseline

138 (131–143)

146 (135–153)

<0.001

0.016

0.907

 3 months

140 (133–145)

147 (136–154)

 6 months

141 (135–146)

149 (138–156)

Weight, kg

     

 Baseline

30.4 (27.5–34.2)

37.4 (29.0–44.2)

<0.001

0.007

0.394

 3 months

31.5 (27.5–35.4)

37.9 (29.7–46.9)

 6 months

33.0 (29.0–36.1)

39.3 (30.0–48.3)

Haemoglobin, g/dL

     

 Baseline

12.4 (12.1–12.9)

13.0 (12.3–13.6)

0.013

0.173

0.621

 3 months

12.4 (12.1–12.6)

12.6 (12.1–13.0)

 6 months

12.3 (11.9–12.9)

12.3 (12.0–13.2)

Anaemiab, n (%)

     

 Baseline

2 (7)

4 (11)

0.081

0.992

0.643

 3 months

3 (10)

3 (8)

 6 months

6 (21)

6 (17)

Serum ferritin, adjustedc, μg/L

     

 Baseline

32.8 (23.6–42.6)

29.6 (23.1–43.7)

0.559

0.579

0.005

 3 months

38.2 (29.4–44.5)

30.0 (21.2–38.1)

 6 months

31.7 (23.2–45.9)

35.5 (26.3–47.8)

Soluble transferrin receptor, mg/L

     

 Baseline

6.64 (5.93–8.20)

6.36 (5.52–7.73)

0.502

0.058

0.168

 3 months

6.72 (5.79–8.20)

6.49 (5.57–7.59)

 6 months

7.16 (6.27–8.00)

6.32 (5.50–7.21)

Iron deficiencyd, n (%)

     

 Baseline

6 (21)

4 (11)

0.477

0.161

0.497

 3 months

7 (24)

6 (17)

 6 months

8 (28)

4 (11)

C-reactive protein, mg/L

     

 Baseline

0.20 (0.02–0.84)

0.04 (0.03–1.53)

<0.001

0.634

0.067

 3 months

0.15 (0.03–0.86)

0.04 (0.02–0.11)

 6 months

0.23 (0.05–0.97)

0.15 (0.04–0.33)

Alpha-1-glycoprotein, g/L

     

 Baseline

0.54 (0.45–0.63)

0.53 (0.43–0.76)

<0.001

0.195

0.027

 3 months

0.57 (0.44–0.69)

0.44 (0.37–0.53)

 6 months

0.60 (0.45–0.79)

0.50 (0.38–0.60)

Inflammatione, n(%)

     

 Baseline

3 (10)

6 (17)

<0.001

<0.001

-

 3 months

3 (11)

0

 6 months

5 (17)

0

Hepcidin

     

 Baseline

4.45 (2.63–7.79)

6.59 (3.08–9.68)

0.393

0.888

0.220

 3 months

5.30 (2.28–10.51)

4.18 (2.55–6.57)

 6 months

5.66 (2.03–10.13)

5.24 (3.09–8.19)

  1. Values are medians (IQR) or n (%).
  2. aTime, group and time x group interactions were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA for continuous outcome variables (two-sided; non-normally distributed variables were log-transformed for analysis) and generalized estimating equations (two-sided) for categorical outcome variables. No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons.
  3. bDefined as haemoglobin <11.5 g/dL for children aged <12 years, and <12.0 g/dL for those aged ≥12 years.
  4. cSerum ferritin adjusted according to the BRINDA recommendations30.
  5. dDefined as adjusted serum ferritin <15 μg/L and/or soluble transferrin receptor >8.5 mg/L.
  6. eDefined as C-reactive protein >5 mg/L and/or alpha-1-glycoprotein >1 g/L.
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