Fig. 1: Construction and operating mechanism of the self-driven electrical triggering system (BTO-CPT/FA) for orthotopic bladder cancer treatment. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Construction and operating mechanism of the self-driven electrical triggering system (BTO-CPT/FA) for orthotopic bladder cancer treatment.

From: Self-driven electrical triggering system activates tunneling nanotube highways to enhance drug delivery in bladder cancer therapy

Fig. 1

a Schematic illustration of the preparation of the BTO-CPT/FA nanoplatform. b In orthotopic bladder cancer animal models (C57BL/6 mouse or New Zealand rabbit), BTO-CPT/FA for tumor therapy through bladder perfusion. c The delivery mechanisms of nanodrug driven by piezoelectric effects: the formation of a high-speed transport pathway between bladder cancer cells via tunneling nanotubes with a structure of open-ended (c1), the related genes involved in the formation of tunneling nanotube under electrical stimulation (c2), and BTO-CPT/FA leverages intravesical pressure-induced spontaneous electric fields to release CPT and facilitate drug transport through tunneling nanotubes, enhancing the delivery and penetration of CPT, meanwhile, the generated ROS also contribute to tumor cell apoptosis (c3). d An enhanced nanodrug permeability in the minipig bladder mediated by piezoelectric effects after treatment with BTO-CPT/FA (left), and the marked inhibitory effects of BTO-CPT/FA for bladder cancer cells from clinical patient samples (right). Figure created in BioRender. Xixi, L. (2025) https://BioRender.com/x1i5irp.

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