Fig. 4: 3D Multiparametric USI monitoring of SLD recovery in rat livers.

3D PD and 2D overlaid B-mode US-PD images acquired at a week 0, b week 4 (SLD progression), and c week 8 (recovery). d Monitoring of quantitative US indices over 8 weeks: UFD indices (weight-normalized vessel volume occupancy (wnVVO), weight-normalized fractional moving blood volume (wnFMBV), vessel bifurcation density (VBD), and sum of angles metric (SOAM)), ATI index (estimated attenuation coefficient (EAC)), and ASQ index (focal disturbance ratio (FDR)). e Monitoring of blood biomarkers for liver function tests over 8 weeks. ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate transaminase, and TBIL total bilirubin. Two-sided Mann–Whitney test without adjustment for multiple comparisons at each week in (d) and (e); recovery vs normal (Fig. 4d vs. Fig. 3d); recovery vs SLD (Fig. 4e vs. Fig. 3e); *p < 0.05. Black and red asterisks denote comparisons with the normal and SLD groups, respectively. f Oil Red O (ORO), CD31, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images for histopathological evaluation in the SLD progression and recovery monitoring. CD31 signals are shown in green. g Quantitative histopathological results from the SLD progression and recovery monitoring and validation schemes at SLD-induced weeks 0, 3–4, and 8. Two-sided Mann–Whitney test without adjustment for multiple comparisons between time points (comparisons shown only vs. week 0); *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. h Comparison of the fat percentage and CD 31 density values between the recovery (Rec) and normal (Norm) groups at week 8. Two-sided Mann–Whitney test without adjustment for multiple comparisons; *p < 0.05. All statistical results, including other comparisons and exact p-values, are provided in Supplementary Tables 4 and 5. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.