Fig. 1: Design of ideal electrolyte diluents for wide-temperature LMBs.

a Illustration of the electrolyte solvation structure, rapid Li+ transport/de-solvation, electrodes interfacial chemistry, and properties of diluents in the flame-retardant electrolyte with C-2Cl diluents. b Molecular structures of C-2Cl diluents with increased carbon chain lengths. c Boiling and melting points of different diluents. d Density and market price of different diluents. The market price is calculated based on the price of 1 kg of the Adamas brand product from ref. 58 on Sep. 1st, 2024.