Fig. 5: Effectiveness of soil PFAS phytoremediation by O. rosea.
a The annual remediation efficiency (ARE, %) of O. rosea for the 10 concentration-significant PFAS in the sampled soil. b The simulated decay of PFAS in contaminated soil (Csoil/C0) along with different remediation periods by O. rosea. c Morphologies of O. rosea and PFOA concentrations in roots and shoots after 60-day cultivation during pot experiments at different soil PFOA levels (50–2000 ng/g). d The corresponding shoot concentration factors (SHCF), RCF, and TF of O. rosea for PFOA. e Soil PFOA concentrations before and after cultivation of O. rosea for 60 days with p values from independent t-test (two-tailed, no adjustments) shown above paired columns. The reported values have subtracted inherent PFOA levels accumulated in O. rosea from the original environment. Data in (a, c, d, e) are represented as mean ± SD of biological replicates (n = 3). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
