Fig. 1: Summary of normalized metrics for each industry/hydrogen production scenario (hydrogen production methods are steam methane reforming [SMR], steam methane reforming with carbon capture and sequestration [SMR-CCS], and zero-carbon electrolysis [ZCE]).
![Fig. 1: Summary of normalized metrics for each industry/hydrogen production scenario (hydrogen production methods are steam methane reforming [SMR], steam methane reforming with carbon capture and sequestration [SMR-CCS], and zero-carbon electrolysis [ZCE]).](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-025-65216-x/MediaObjects/41467_2025_65216_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp)
Panel (a) annual hydrogen demand in each industry, which does not vary by hydrogen production method. Panel (b) million metric tons (MMT) of CO2 offset per MMT of hydrogen used. Panel (c) change in premature mortality in deaths averted per MMT of hydrogen used. Panel (d) the percentage of air quality benefits (reduced mortality) occurring in Department of Energy-designated disadvantaged communities (DACs). The error bars represent the 95% confidence interval of the reported metric, based on uncertainty in emissions factors.
