Table 1 Summary of existing and predicted breakeven subsidies under four technology scenarios that provide net social benefits (see Fig. 3)

From: Climate, air quality, and equity benefits from hydrogen substitution for fossil fuels used in process heat

Scenario

SMR H2 in steelmaking

SMR-CCS H2 in steelmaking

SMR-CCS H2 in cement manufacturing

ZCE H2 in steelmaking

Existing 45V subsidy ($USD per kg)

0

1

1

3

Predicted breakeven subsidy ($USD per kg)

1.50

2.10

1.60

4.10

  1. Hydrogen production methods are steam methane reforming [SMR], steam methane reforming with carbon capture and sequestration [SMR-CCS], and zero-carbon electrolysis [ZCE].
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