Fig. 5: Decomposition of DNA methylation profiles assigns most hepatic NEN to extrahepatic origins.
From: DNA methylation patterns facilitate tracing the origin of neuroendocrine neoplasms
A Correlation of latent methylation components (LMC) with each other and with Leukocytes Unmethylation for Purity (LUMP) indicating lymphocyte infiltration. B Supervised heatmap of LMC enrichment in Merkel cell carcinomas (N = 14), appendiceal NEN (N = 15), colorectal NEN (N = 18), gastric/duodenal NEN (N = 14), ileal NEN (N = 18), hepatic NEN without known primary tumor (N = 22), NEN liver metastases of known primary (N = 22), pancreatic NEN (N = 25), pulmonary NEC (N = 24) and pulmonary carcinoids (N = 25). C–F t-SNE plots of the DNA methylation profiles of CCA, HCC and a total of 197 NEN samples from different organ sites. C Colorectal NEN (N = 18), gastric/duodenal NEN (N = 14), liver metastases of colorectal NEN (N = 1), liver metastases of gastro/duodenal NEN (N = 1), hepatic NEN predicted to be colorectal NEN (N = 3) and hepatic NEN predicted to be gastric/duodenal NEN (N = 3) are highlighted in color. D NEN of the pancreas (N = 25), liver metastases of pancreatic NEN (N = 7) and hepatic NEN predicted to be pancreatic NEN (N = 4) are highlighted in color. E Pulmonary NEC (N = 24), liver metastases of pulmonary NEC (N = 3) and hepatic NEN predicted to be pulmonary NEC (N = 10) are highlighted in color. F Ileal NEN (N = 18), liver metastases of ileal NEN (N = 7) and hepatic NEN predicted to be ileal NEN (N = 2) are highlighted in color. LMC latent methylation components, LUMP Leukocytes Unmethylation for Purity.
