Fig. 3: Morphological and compositional characterizations of composites densified via transient liquid-assisted processing.

Top-view and cross-sectional view of densified composites, along with corresponding elemental mapping of C, F, Ni, Co, and O obtained by EDS for NMC811(73.9%)-PILG (a–c), NMC811(86.7%)-PILG (d–f), and NMC811(92.7%)-PILG (g–i). j EDS line scan profiles acquired from fractured cross-sections, showing the spatial distribution of Ni and C elements across secondary particles and synthetic boundary phases. k Demonstration of FIB-sliced SEM images and their corresponding 3D reconstructions, illustrating the integrated multi-phase composites and segmented conductive boundary phase (green-colored regions: NMC811 secondary particles; red-colored regions: PILG conducting phase). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.