Fig. 3: Southern Ocean surface density flux from the historical to Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5–8.5 (SSP585) scenario.
From: Evolving Southern Ocean overturning in warming climates
a, b Annual mean surface density fluxes (shaded, unit: 10−⁶ kg/m²/s) and surface potential density (gray contour, unit: kg/m3) for the multi-model mean (MMM) in CMIP5/6 a historical and b SSP585 simulations, as well as c the density flux difference between the two (SSP585 minus historical, shaded, unit: 10−⁶ kg/m²/s) over the Southern Ocean. d Annual and zonal mean surface density flux in historical (MMM, blue; inter-model spread, light blue) and SSP585 (MMM, red; inter-model spread, light red) simulations, and their difference (SSP585 minus historical, MMM, black; inter-model spread, gray). e, f Same as d but for the thermal and haline contributions to density flux, respectively. The stipples refer to the regions where at least two-thirds of the models agree with the sign of the MMM.
