Fig. 4: Southern Ocean potential density area, water mass transformation, and formation from the historical to Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5–8.5 (SSP585) scenario.
From: Evolving Southern Ocean overturning in warming climates
a Area of potential density in CMIP5/6 SSP585 (multi-model mean [MMM], red; inter-model spread, light red) and historical (MMM, blue; inter-model spread, light blue) simulations, and their difference (SSP585 minus historical, MMM, black; inter-model spread, gray) over the Southern Ocean. b Water mass transformation due to surface heat flux in SSP585 (MMM, red; inter-model spread, light red) and historical (MMM, blue; inter-model spread, light blue) simulations, and their difference (MMM, black; inter-model spread, gray). c Same as b but water mass transformation due to surface freshwater flux. d Same as b but the total water mass transformation with combined thermal and haline effects. e Water mass formation in SSP585 (MMM, red; inter-model spread, light red) and historical (MMM, blue; inter-model spread, light blue) simulations, and their difference (MMM, black; inter-model spread, gray). f Downwelling and upwelling regions, as indicated in (e).
