Fig. 4: Percentage changes in selected food security indicators across world regions following a simulated collapse of wild pollinators in Europe.

Indicators shown are folate availability, vitamin A availability, and total food intake (in kilocalories per capita and day), aggregated by crop groups (Vegetables and fruits; Total all food). In total, three independent scenario simulations were conducted (n = 3). Bars represent the mean outcomes of model simulations using the mean productivity shock scenario. Dots indicate the range of results from two additional model simulations corresponding to the upper and lower bounds of the 95% confidence interval for productivity losses in pollinator-dependent crops. Text labels show the mean result. Values are expressed as percentage changes relative to a baseline scenario without pollinator collapse. See Methods for scenario design and Supplementary Materials for data sources.