Table 1 Demographic, Enteropathogen, fecal biomarkers and plasma barrier and systemic inflammation profiles of hospitalized vs. community children

From: Plasma lipopolysaccharide levels predict mortality in acutely ill children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Characteristics

Admission

Weighted N = 1894a

Unweighted n = 638

Community children

Weighted N = 251a

Unweighted n = 251

p-Valueb

Plasma LPS (E.U./ml) (Mean (SD))

4.40 (5.25)

4.47 (5.34)

>0.9

Demographics

Age group

  

0.2

 <6 months

361 / 1,894 (19%)

41 / 251 (16%)

 

 6-11 months

690 / 1,894 (36%)

81 / 251 (32%)

 

 12 months & above

844 / 1,894 (45%)

129 / 251 (51%)

 

Admission age (Mean (SD))

11.47 (5.57)

12.48 (6.11)

0.049

Sex

  

0.047

 Female

742 / 1,894 (39%)

118 / 251 (47%)

 

 Male

1,152 / 1,894 (61%)

133 / 251 (53%)

 

Continent

  

0.032

 Africa

1,085 / 1,894 (57%)

165 / 251 (66%)

 

 Asia

809 / 1,894 (43%)

86 / 251 (34%)

 

Comorbidity frequencies

Malaria History

337 / 1,894 (18%)

11 / 251 (4.4%)

<0.001

Sepsis

295 / 1,894 (16%)

0 / 251 (0%)

<0.001

Gastroenteritis

1,142 / 1,872 (61%)

0 / 251 (0%)

<0.001

URTI

98 / 1,894 (5.2%)

0 / 251 (0%)

0.060

LRTI

774 / 1,894 (41%)

0 / 251 (0%)

<0.001

HIV status (Positive)

50 / 1,894 (2.6%)

3 / 251 (1.2%)

0.2

TB

3 / 1,701 (0.2%)

0 / 221 (0%)

0.6

Breastfeeding status

1,428 / 1,894 (75%)

202 / 251 (80%)

0.12

Presence of at least 1 Enteropathogen

Viruses

776 / 1,702 (46%)

53 / 222 (24%)

<0.001

Parasites

517 / 1,770 (29%)

56 / 231 (24%)

0.2

Gram-negative Bacteria

1,579 / 1,820 (87%)

206 / 241 (85%)

0.6

Enteropathogen Quantification (Mean (SD)) c

Enteroaggregative E.coli

28.85 (6.31)

30.31 (5.32)

0.007

Enterotoxigenic E.coli

32.79 (4.69)

33.86 (2.91)

0.008

Shigella toxin-producing Enterotoxigenic E.coli

33.51 (4.06)

34.63 (1.71)

<0.001

V.cholerae

34.79 (1.53)

35.00 (0.02)

0.006

CTX-M-producing bacteria

27.24 (6.79)

30.62 (4.99)

<0.001

mphA Azithromysin Resistance

23.08 (6.47)

27.36 (5.69)

<0.001

16S rRNA

13.90 (3.28)

15.25 (3.71)

<0.001

Cryptosporidium

33.90 (3.46)

34.35 (2.58)

0.015

Adenovirus 40/41

34.22 (3.19)

34.71 (1.59)

0.005

Rotavirus

33.01 (4.26)

34.92 (0.82)

<0.001

Sapovirus

34.64 (1.65)

34.89 (0.77)

0.029

Fecal Biomarkers of EED (Mean (SD))

Fecal MPO ƞg/ml

4,105.51 (4,584.89)

3,708.52 (3,552.86)

0.7

Fecal Calprotectin ( > 12 months) (μg/ml)

698.85 (1,086.33)

502.96 (1,192.81)

0.13

Fecal AAT (non-acute diarrhea) (μg/ml)

448.57 (557.01)

341.36 (372.63)

0.30

Barrier Function Biomarker (Mean (SD))d

Plasma Zonulin

46,479.64 (29,948.42)

33,384.53 (19,464.19)

<0.001

Plasma Diamine Oxidase

4,776.11 (4,226.63)

6,809.30 (3,594.82)

<0.001

Plasma CDH1.1

1,468.48 (2,669.83)

1,602.89 (2,216.58)

0.005

Plasma OCLN

960.71 (291.05)

908.77 (166.60)

0.005

Plasma ZO-1

719.87 (1,718.78)

788.77 (1,570.68)

<0.001

Systemic Immune Activation and Inflammation Biomarkers (Mean (SD)) d

Plasma Heparin-Binding Protein

24,326.27 (11,449.57)

19,629.43 (8,129.72)

<0.001

Plasma TREM1

2,168.66 (1,457.04)

1,691.83 (515.93)

<0.001

Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers (Mean (SD)) d

Plasma CRP

69,067.92 (35,630.07)

32,055.93 (28,576.09)

<0.001

Plasma SAA1

72,275.72 (72,226.17)

17,974.93 (35,545.88)

<0.001

Plasma MPO

27,618.30 (14,306.43)

16,296.82 (5,131.00)

<0.001

Plasma CAL

1,773.65 (1,065.01)

1,749.45 (3,856.34)

<0.001

Plasma AAT

50,645.94 (15,708.32)

33,395.31 (9,471.53)

<0.001

  1. aN = inverse proportionally weighted total within CHAIN cohort (n = 3101); bDesign-based Wilcoxon test, Pearson’s X^2: Rao & Scott adjustment; cThreshold Cycle (Ct) from quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay; E.U./ml Endotoxin Unit per ml; dRFU Relative Fluorescence Unit; SD Standard Deviation.
  2. Demographics (age, sex, continent), fecal biomarkers (MPO, CAL, AAT), and plasma LPS concentrations are comparable between Admission and Community children (p ≥ 0.05). In contrast, the presence of comorbidities (malaria, sepsis, gastroenteritis, LRTI), barrier protein expression (zonulin, diamine oxidase) and plasma systemic inflammatory (CRP, SAA1, MPO, CAL, AAT) differ significantly between the two groups (p < 0.001). Both unweighted and inverse proportionally weighted totals (N) are presented. Only enteropathogens with significant difference in expression between the groups are presented. See Supplementary Table 11 for all pathogen levels.
  3. LPS Lipopolysaccharide, URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, LRTI Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, TB Tuberculosis, EED Environmental Enteric Dysfunction, MPO Myeloperoxidase, AAT Alpha-1-antitrypsin, CAL Calprotectin, CDH1.1 Cadherin-1, OCLN Occludin, OCLN Tight Junction Protein ZO-1, TREM1 Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1, CRP C-reactive Protein, SAA1 Serum Amyloid A1.
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