Fig. 2: Conformable electronics enable in vivo acquisition of gut electrophysiological responses to in vivo mechanical stimuli.
a Ligated portion of the colon with a device implanted into the colonic wall prior to distension at t0. b Distended colon during saline injection. For a and b, the colon is outlined with a dashed blue line. The implant is outlined with a dashed black line, and a bracket is used to designate the portion of the implant that is within the colon wall. c High-frequency bandpass (300–2000 Hz) and low pass (<300 Hz) representative full voltage traces. Segments highlighted in color represent the distension and the following 10 s intervals after distension. Isoflurane was initially at 1.3% (blue) and was increased to 5% (red) at the time represented by the dashed line. d Zoom in on the high-frequency bandpass traces corresponding to the distension segments. e Zoom in on the low-pass traces corresponding to the distension segments. f Normalized Area Under the Curve (nAUC) for all the low-frequency distension traces (10 s window) before and after the rise in isoflurane concentration (n = 4 rats, 2 values as low isoflurane and 2 values at high isoflurane per rat, see Supplemental Fig. 4a–f for traces from other rats). The nAUC standardizes the AUC obtained from each 10 s window by the range value within each experiment, ensuring a fair assessment of the responses across different rats. *: Statistically significant difference with p = 0.003 (t-statistic: 3.54, degrees of freedom: 14, Cohen’s d: 1.77, 95% Confidence Interval of mean difference: [0.409, 0.763]) using two-sided unpaired t-test after criteria for normality and variance homogeneity assumptions were met. Statistics for boxplots: [blue (1.3 % isoflurane): minima (0.53), maxima (0.89), median (0.69), Q1 (0.54), Q3 (0.85), whisker low bound (0.09), whisker high bound (1.31), percentiles (0.53, 0.55, 0.69, 0.85, 0.88)], [red (5% isoflurane): minima (0.005), maxima (0.34), median (0.06), Q1 (0.01), Q3 (0.17), whisker low bound (−0.22), whisker high bound (0.41), percentiles (0.006, 0.01, 0.06, 0.17, 0.31)]. The quantification of the nAUC for the high-frequency segments was not deemed meaningful due to the short duration of the response (<20 ms).
