Fig. 1: Design concept of CO2-curable polymers using PEI as the CO2-vitrifiable building block.

a Schematic illustration of the preparation of CO2-curable polymers and their interaction with CO2 molecules. b Photographs of PEI, which remain unresponsive to CO2 in the bulk state. c Photographs of CO2-curable polymers with and without CO2 exposure, illustrating their transformation from elastic to plastic behavior upon CO2 exposure. d Photograph of an H(30) sheet under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 365 nm. Fluorescence intensity increases with CO2 exposure. A butterfly-shaped pattern is recorded onto the sheet using an aluminum mask. The scale bar is 10 mm.