Fig. 6: Computational 3D measurement and perspective view synthesis via lensless MASI.

a MASI recovered wavefield of a bullet cartridge, with zoomed region showing detailed wavefield information. The brightness of the recovered wavefields indicates amplitude (A), and hue indicates phase (θ), as defined by the color wheel. b All-in-focus image with depth color-coding from 0.4 mm (blue) to 4.7 mm (red), providing comprehensive visualization of the cartridge’s 3D structure. c Synthetic perspective views generated by computationally filtering the wavefield at the reciprocal space, where different angular components of light are spatially separated. The color indicates the depth map as in (b). d MASI recovered 3D map of the bullet cartridge, clearly revealing the firing pin impression and surface details for ballistic forensics. The color scale presents height from 0 to 100 µm. e Demonstration of MASI’s 3D measurement capabilities across objects with varying features. Left: LEGO brick with color scale indicating height from 0 to 120 µm; center: a coin with color scale indicating height from 0 to 100 µm; right: a battery with color scale indicating height from 0 to 30 µm. In each case, the 3D topography is reconstructed without mechanical scanning, highlighting MASI’s potential for non-destructive testing and precision metrology. Supplementary Movies 3-4 visualize the 3D focusing process. Supplementary Movie 5 visualizes the generated different perspective views of the 3D object post-measurement.