Table 2 Data related to fat mass and other body composition parameters

From: Flexible time-restricted eating combined with exercise in a free-living setting for middle-aged women with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial

            

Postintervention

 

Measurement

Group

Baseline

Postintervention

Time effect

Group effect

Time × group effect

Compared with CON

Compared with flexTRE + EX

   

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

   

Adjusted mean difference

99%CI

P value

Adjusted mean difference

99%CI

P value

Primary outcome

 

Fat mass

flexTRE

26

27.24

6.71

24

25.46

6.73

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

−1.29

−2.33 to −0.25

0.001*

1.56

0.38 to 2.74

<0.001*

 

kg

EX

26

25.96

5.24

24

25.16

5.55

−0.84

−1.89 to 0.20

0.038*

2.01

0.81 to 3.21

<0.001*

  

flexTRE+EX

26

25.53

6.11

25

22.92

5.30

−2.85

−4.01 to −1.69

<0.001*

   
  

CON

26

27.40

9.06

25

27.70

9.48

Secondary outcomes

Body composition

Body mass

flexTRE

26

69.66

7.62

24

67.63

7.77

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

−1.59

−2.51 to −0.66

<0.001*

1.78

0.64 to 2.92

<0.001*

 

kg

EX

26

67.24

7.86

24

66.49

8.28

−1.27

−2.19 to −0.36

<0.001*

2.09

0.92 to 3.27

<0.001*

  

flexTRE+EX

26

68.26

8.93

25

65.21

8.35

−3.37

−4.50 to −2.23

<0.001*

   
  

CON

26

69.24

10.98

25

69.83

11.32

 

Body mass index

flexTRE

26

27.63

3.62

24

26.75

3.65

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

−0.79

−1.11 to −0.47

<0.001*

0.64

0.14 to 1.13

<0.001*

 

kg/m2

EX

26

26.87

2.56

24

26.54

2.69

−0.5

−0.84 to −0.15

<0.001*

0.93

0.42 to 1.44

<0.001*

  

flexTRE+EX

26

26.28

2.73

25

25.07

2.50

−1.43

−1.91 to −0.95

<0.001*

   
  

CON

26

27.21

3.55

25

27.48

3.62

 

Body fat percentage

flexTRE

26

38.49

5.55

24

37.15

5.69

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

−1.14

−2.10 to −0.18

0.002*

1.26

0.03 to 2.49

0.008*

 

%

EX

26

38.33

3.68

24

37.48

4.04

−0.75

−1.45 to −0.05

0.006*

1.65

0.69 to 2.62

<0.001*

  

flexTRE+EX

26

36.98

3.82

25

34.80

3.61

−2.4

−3.36 to −1.45

<0.001*

   
  

CON

26

38.85

5.43

25

38.94

5.59

 

Fat free mass

flexTRE

26

42.65

2.82

24

42.16

2.98

P = 0.031

P = 0.002

P = 0.013

−0.43

−0.99 to 0.13

0.048

0.06

−0.58 to 0.70

0.804

 

kg

EX

26

41.28

3.43

24

41.33

3.56

-0.25

−0.57 to 0.06

0.036

0.24

−0.17 to 0.64

0.130

  

flexTRE+EX

26

42.71

3.35

25

42.29

3.52

-0.49

−0.89 to −0.09

0.002*

   
  

CON

26

41.87

3.20

25

42.12

3.14

 

Waist circumference

flexTRE

26

89.53

6.71

24

84.63

6.80

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

−3.24

−6.07 to −0.40

0.003*

2.94

−0.01 to 5.88

0.010*

 

cm

EX

26

87.90

5.49

24

83.75

5.65

−3.21

−5.64 to −0.78

<0.001*

2.97

0.43 to 5.51

0.003*

  

flexTRE+EX

26

87.60

8.29

25

80.24

8.07

−6.18

−8.81 to −3.54

<0.001*

   
  

CON

26

90.40

9.19

25

89.04

8.07

 

Hip circumference

flexTRE

26

106.81

7.28

24

101.92

6.01

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

−3.26

−5.57 to −0.95

<0.001*

1.96

−0.44 to 4.37

0.036

 

cm

EX

26

104.50

4.76

24

99.83

4.52

−3.66

−5.84 to −1.49

<0.001*

1.56

−0.76 to 3.87

0.083

  

flexTRE+EX

26

104.43

6.14

25

98.08

5.35

−5.22

−7.76 to −2.69

<0.001*

   
  

CON

26

106.35

9.28

25

105.12

8.99

  1. Intervention effects on these outcomes were examined by generalized estimating equations (GEE). The model assessed the main effects of group and time, as well as the group-by-time interaction, while adjusting for covariates including baseline outcome values, age, menopausal status, and family history of cardiovascular disease. A significant group-by-time interaction indicated a significant difference for a given outcome between interventions over time. Pairwise treatment comparisons were performed by linear contrasts using the Holm procedure to adjust for multiple comparisons, and raw P values are presented. Bold P-values indicate a significant main effect of time, group, or a group-by-time interaction (P < 0.05). An asterisk (*) in addition to a bold P-value indicates a significant pairwise difference between intervention groups over time after applying the Holm procedure for multiple comparisons.
  2. CI confidence interval, CON control group, EX aerobic exercise group, flexTRE flexible time-restricted eating group, flexTRE+EX flexible time-restricted eating combined with aerobic exercise group, SD standard deviation.
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