Table 3 Data related to glycemic control

From: Flexible time-restricted eating combined with exercise in a free-living setting for middle-aged women with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial

       

Postintervention

Measurement

Group

Baseline

Postintervention

Time effect

Group effect

Time × group effect

Compared with CON

Compared with flexTRE + EX

  

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

   

Adjusted mean difference

99%CI

P value

Adjusted mean difference

99%CI

P value

Fasting glucose

flexTRE

26

5.50

0.78

24

5.43

0.72

P = 0.469

P = 0.333

P = 0.453

0.05

−0.18 to 0.28

0.583

0.09

−0.18 to 0.36

0.397

mmol/L

EX

26

5.36

0.41

24

5.45

0.44

0.14

−0.12 to 0.40

0.170

0.18

−0.11 to 0.46

0.111

 

flexTRE+EX

26

5.35

0.55

25

5.21

0.48

−0.04

−0.31 to 0.23

0.703

   
 

CON

26

5.21

0.47

25

5.18

0.50

Insulin

flexTRE

26

8.79

5.29

24

9.77

5.12

P = 0.112

P = 0.003

P = 0.023

1.42

−0.85 to 3.70

0.107

2.98

0.89 to 5.06

<0.001*

mU/L

EX

26

8.54

4.90

24

9.14

3.56

1.28

−1.27 to 3.83

0.195

2.84

0.42 to 5.25

0.003*

 

flexTRE+EX

26

8.40

6.11

25

6.52

3.64

–1.55

–3.69 to 0.59

0.061

   
 

CON

26

8.47

5.13

25

8.54

5.22

HOMA-IR

flexTRE

26

2.21

1.53

24

2.46

1.59

p = 0.152

P = 0.004

p = 0.029

0.34

–0.24 to 0.93

0.130

0.72

0.18 to 1.26

<0.001*

 

EX

26

2.02

1.13

24

2.21

0.90

0.37

−0.26 to 1.01

0.132

0.75

0.15 to 1.35

0.001*

 

flexTRE+EX

26

2.10

1.82

25

1.52

0.89

−0.38

−0.92 to 0.17

0.074

   
 

CON

26

2.01

1.34

25

2.03

1.38

QUICKI

flexTRE

26

0.36

0.04

24

0.35

0.03

P = 0.906

P = 0.005

P = 0.012

−0.01

–0.03 to 0.01

0.160

−0.03

–0.05 to −0.01

<0.001*

 

EX

26

0.35

0.03

24

0.35

0.02

−0.01

−0.02 to 0.01

0.352

-0.02

−0.04 to −0.003

0.003*

 

flexTRE+EX

26

0.36

0.05

25

0.38

0.05

0.02

−0.01 to 0.04

0.063

   
 

CON

26

0.36

0.05

25

0.36

0.04

HbA1c

flexTRE

26

36.77

4.79

24

36.08

5.56

P = 0.017

P = 0.576

P = 0.865

0.68

−1.24 to 2.59

0.361

0.12

−1.87 to 2.12

0.872

mmol/mol

EX

26

37.00

3.38

24

36.29

3.59

0.30

−1.72 to 2.32

0.703

−0.25

−2.32 to 1.81

0.750

 

flexTRE+EX

26

36.31

4.63

25

35.72

3.85

0.55

−0.99 to 2.10

0.356

   
 

CON

26

35.35

3.60

25

34.32

3.64

  1. Intervention effects on these outcomes were examined by generalized estimating equations (GEE). The model assessed the main effects of group and time, as well as the group-by-time interaction, while adjusting for covariates including baseline outcome values, age, menopausal status, and family history of cardiovascular disease. A significant group-by-time interaction indicated a significant difference for a given outcome between interventions over time. Pairwise treatment comparisons were performed by linear contrasts using the Holm procedure to adjust for multiple comparisons, and raw P values are presented. Bold P-values indicate a significant main effect of time, group, or a group-by-time interaction (P < 0.05). An asterisk (*) in addition to a bold P-value indicates a significant pairwise difference between intervention groups over time after applying the Holm procedure for multiple comparisons.
  2. CI confidence interval, CON control group, EX aerobic exercise group, flexTRE flexible time-restricted eating group, flexTRE+EX flexible time-restricted eating combined with aerobic exercise group, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, QUICKI Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, SD standard deviation.
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