Table 4 Data related to cardiometabolic parameters

From: Flexible time-restricted eating combined with exercise in a free-living setting for middle-aged women with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial

           

Postintervention

Measurement

Group

Baseline

Postintervention

Time effect

Group effect

Time × group effect

Compared with CON

Compared with flexTRE + EX

  

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

   

Adjusted mean difference

99%CI

P value

Adjusted mean difference

99%CI

P value

Systolic BP

flexTRE

26

107.00

14.03

24

101.08

18.60

P < 0.001

P = 0.169

P = 0.252

−5.69

−14.73 to 3.34

0.104

1.02

−6.71 to 8.74

0.734

mmHg

EX

26

110.19

15.91

24

104.33

16.75

−5.50

−15.41 to 4.41

0.153

1.21

–6.78 to 9.21

0.696

 

flexTRE+EX

26

110.38

12.93

25

102.28

13.56

−6.71

–14.96 to 1.53

0.036

   
 

CON

26

109.08

16.44

25

106.48

12.25

Diastolic BP

flexTRE

26

76.46

8.77

24

76.17

10.67

P = 0.432

P = 0.697

P = 0.799

−0.79

−8.27 to 6.68

0.784

2.02

–5.21 to 9.25

0.473

mmHg

EX

26

75.38

10.42

24

75.42

13.60

−1.42

–9.10 to 6.27

0.634

1.39

−5.77 to 8.56

0.617

 

flexTRE+EX

26

76.62

7.30

25

74.48

11.37

−2.81

−9.90 to 4.28

0.307

   
 

CON

26

78.35

11.57

25

77.88

13.22

Resting heart rate

flexTRE

26

72.50

8.97

24

69.50

6.14

P = 0.081

P = 0.237

P = 0.323

−2.43

−6.51 to 1.65

0.125

-0.68

−5.39 to 4.03

0.709

rpm

EX

26

70.46

8.76

24

70.88

8.62

0.71

−3.51 to 4.93

0.664

2.46

−2.33 to 7.24

0.186

 

flexTRE+EX

26

72.19

8.85

25

70.36

7.98

−1.75

-5.88 to 2.39

0.277

   
 

CON

26

72.00

7.80

25

71.76

8.78

Total cholesterol

flexTRE

26

5.83

1.21

24

5.66

0.77

P = 0.346

P = 0.859

P = 0.863

−0.05

−0.47 to 0.37

0.747

0.02

−0.40 to 0.43

0.923

mmol/L

EX

26

5.86

0.78

24

5.91

0.88

0.04

−0.34 to 0.42

0.769

0.11

−0.26 to 0.48

0.440

 

flexTRE+EX

26

5.52

0.82

25

5.42

0.89

−0.07

−0.48 to 0.35

0.672

   
 

CON

26

5.57

0.94

25

5.55

1.13

HDL cholesterol

flexTRE

26

1.44

0.35

24

1.41

0.29

P = 0.019

P = 0.993

P = 0.785

0.02

−0.08 to 0.13

0.564

0.02

–0.09 to 0.13

0.620

mmol/L

EX

26

1.47

0.32

24

1.44

0.35

0.01

−0.11 to 0.13

0.823

0.01

−0.12 to 0.14

0.881

 

flexTRE+EX

26

1.56

0.36

25

1.52

0.29

0.003

−0.12 to 0.12

0.947

   
 

CON

26

1.59

0.32

25

1.51

0.31

LDL cholesterol

flexTRE

26

3.64

0.99

24

3.55

0.80

P = 0.166

P = 0.090

P = 0.082

−0.15

−0.53 to 0.24

0.325

0.16

−0.23 to 0.54

0.296

mmol/L

EX

26

3.69

0.63

24

3.62

0.71

−0.18

−0.49 to 0.12

0.125

0.12

−0.17 to 0.42

0.292

 

flexTRE+EX

26

3.26

0.68

25

3.04

0.67

–0.30

–0.61 to −0.001

0.010

   
 

CON

26

3.33

0.68

25

3.44

0.87

Triglycerides

flexTRE

26

1.11

0.52

24

1.13

0.37

P = 0.472

P = 0.040

P = 0.495

0.15

−0.11 to 0.40

0.136

0.20

–0.04 to 0.45

0.033

mmol/L

EX

26

1.36

0.50

24

1.28

0.52

0.04

−0.16 to 0.24

0.698

0.10

–0.17 to 0.37

0.352

 

flexTRE+EX

26

1.28

0.98

25

1.21

0.70

–0.06

−0.29 to 0.18

0.529

   
 

CON

26

1.21

0.62

25

1.16

0.49

  1. Intervention effects on these outcomes were examined by generalized estimating equations (GEE). The model assessed the main effects of group and time, as well as the group-by-time interaction, while adjusting for covariates including baseline outcome values, age, menopausal status, and family history of cardiovascular disease. A significant group-by-time interaction indicated a significant difference for a given outcome between interventions over time. Pairwise treatment comparisons were performed by linear contrasts using the Holm procedure to adjust for multiple comparisons, and raw P values are presented. Bold P-values indicate a significant main effect of time, group, or a group-by-time interaction (P < 0.05). An asterisk (*) in addition to a bold P-value indicates a significant pairwise difference between intervention groups over time after applying the Holm procedure for multiple comparisons.
  2. CI confidence interval, CON control group, EX aerobic exercise group, flexTRE flexible time-restricted eating group, flexTRE+EX flexible time-restricted eating combined with aerobic exercise group, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, SD standard deviation.
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