Table 7 Data related to additional monitor parameters including energy intake, macronutrient distribution, eating window, and MVPA

From: Flexible time-restricted eating combined with exercise in a free-living setting for middle-aged women with overweight/obesity: a randomized controlled trial

    

Postintervention

Measurement

Group

Baseline

Postintervention

Time effect

Group effect

Time × group effect

Compared with CON

Compared with flexTRE + EX

  

n

Mean

SD

n

Mean

SD

   

Adjusted mean difference

99%CI

P value

Adjusted mean difference

99%CI

P value

Energy intake

flexTRE

26

7173.57

587.60

24

6361.06

742.20

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

−801.39

−1296.37 to -306.41

<0.001*

197.24

−384.43 to 778.91

0.382

kJ/day

EX

26

7133.11

452.64

24

6863.54

587.50

−279.16

−730.24 to 171.92

0.111

719.47

169.55 to 1269.39

<0.001*

 

flexTRE+EX

26

7100.29

387.22

25

6154.50

754.59

−998.63

−1506.95 to −490.31

<0.001*

   
 

CON

26

6907.37

749.13

25

7024.74

626.74

Carbohydrate %

flexTRE

26

0.45

0.06

24

0.42

0.07

P = 0.559

P = 0.181

P = 0.151

−0.045

−0.10 to 0.01

0.050

−0.042

−0.10 to 0.02

0.086

 

EX

26

0.47

0.08

24

0.47

0.07

−0.009

−0.06 to 0.04

0.621

−0.006

−0.06 to 0.04

0.762

 

flexTRE+EX

26

0.44

0.06

25

0.46

0.08

-0.003

-0.06 to 0.05

0.873

   
 

CON

26

0.42

0.07

25

0.45

0.07

Protein %

flexTRE

26

0.18

0.04

24

0.19

0.04

P = 0.894

P = 0.215

P = 0.162

0.017

−0.01 to 0.05

0.114

0.002

−0.03 to 0.03

0.883

 

EX

26

0.17

0.03

24

0.17

0.04

0.000

−0.02 to 0.02

0.965

−0.015

−0.04 to 0.01

0.114

 

flexTRE+EX

26

0.17

0.03

25

0.18

0.04

0.016

−0.01 to 0.04

0.091

   
 

CON

26

0.19

0.04

25

0.18

0.04

Fat %

flexTRE

26

0.37

0.05

24

0.39

0.06

P = 0.436

P = 0.395

P = 0.123

0.029

−0.02 to 0.08

0.123

0.038

−0.01 to 0.09

0.056

 

EX

26

0.36

0.07

24

0.37

0.07

0.009

−0.03 to 0.05

0.556

0.018

−0.02 to 0.06

0.257

 

flexTRE+EX

26

0.39

0.06

25

0.36

0.07

−0.009

−0.05 to 0.03

0.590

   
 

CON

26

0.39

0.05

25

0.37

0.06

Eating window

flexTRE

26

10.37

1.08

24

7.88

1.47

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

−2.02

−2.97 to −1.05

<0.001*

0.43

−0.67 to 1.53

0.315

h/day

EX

26

10.52

1.40

24

10.19

1.95

0.32

−0.74 to 1.38

0.434

2.77

1.56 to 3.99

<0.001*

 

flexTRE+EX

26

10.64

1.71

25

7.64

1.64

−2.45

−3.56 to −1.35

<0.001*

   
 

CON

26

10.93

1.50

25

10.32

1.41

MVPA

flexTRE

26

61.42

58.91

23

63.16

45.05

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

P < 0.001

1.44

−24.89 to 27.76

0.888

−202.14

−292.78 to −111.51

<0.001*

 

EX

26

78.05

62.92

23

209.42

88.62

130.02

85.76 to 174.29

<0.001*

−73.56

−167.60 to 20.49

0.044

 

flexTRE+EX

26

61.66

60.80

21

211.01

112.43

203.58

113.41 to 293.75

<0.001*

   
 

CON

26

57.50

72.63

24

62.44

49.18

  1. Intervention effects on these outcomes were examined by generalized estimating equations (GEE). The model assessed the main effects of group and time, as well as the group-by-time interaction, while adjusting for covariates including baseline outcome values, age, menopausal status, and family history of cardiovascular disease. A significant group-by-time interaction indicated a significant difference for a given outcome between interventions over time. Pairwise treatment comparisons were performed by linear contrasts using the Holm procedure to adjust for multiple comparisons, and raw P values are presented. Bold P-values indicate a significant main effect of time, group, or a group-by-time interaction (P < 0.05). An asterisk (*) in addition to a bold P-value indicates a significant pairwise difference between intervention groups over time after applying the Holm procedure for multiple comparisons.
  2. CI confidence interval, CON control group, EX aerobic exercise group, flexTRE flexible time-restricted eating group, flexTRE+EX flexible time-restricted eating combined with aerobic exercise group, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, SD standard deviation.
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