Table 1 Characteristics of Indigenous and non-Indigenous subjects
Indigenous | Non- Indigenous | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex: female, male | 24, 26 | 24, 26 | |
Age (days) | |||
Median (IQR) | 331 (166, 462) | 332 (175, 458) | 0.958 |
Mean (SD) | 317 (170) | 317 (171) | |
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | |||
Median (IQR) | 38.0 (37.0,39.0) | 38.0 (37.3, 39.4) | 0.200 |
Mean (SD) | 37.6 (2.82) | 38.2 (1.63) | |
Mode of delivery | |||
Vaginal | 32/50 (64%) | 26/50 (52%) | 0.311 |
Cesarean section (elective) | 11/50 (22%) | 13/50 (26%) | 0.815 |
Cesarean section (emergency) | 7/50 (14%) | 11/50 (22%) | 0.436 |
Intrapartum antibiotics | |||
Vaginal | Unknown | 15/26 (58%) | |
Cesarean section (elective) | “ | 12/13 (92%) | |
Cesarean section (emergency) | “ | 11/11 (100%) | |
Birth weight (Kg) | |||
Median (IQR) | 3.15 (2.77,3.37) | 3.53 (3.15, 3.86) | 0.0004 |
Mean (SD) | 3.09 (0.614) | 3.52 (0.552) | |
Breastfeeding | |||
Current | 47/50 (94%) | 24/50 (48%) | <0.0001 |
Exclusive for the first 6 months | 42/50 (84%) | 3/50 (6%) | <0.0001 |
Complementary food started (months) | |||
Median (IQR) | 5.00 (4.50, 6.00) | 4.60 (4.37, 5.52) | 0.006 |
Mean (SD) | 5.46 (1.38) | 4.80 (0.924) | |
Maternal body mass index (BMI)b | |||
Median (IQR) | 22.6 (18.6,25.8) | 25.2 (21.9,30.7) | <0.0001 |
Mean (SD) | 22.7 (4.9) | 26.3 (4.9) | |
Consumption of traditional foods by the mother, at least twice weekly | 46/50 (92%) | Not applicable | |
Number of people living in the home | |||
Median (IQR) | 4.00 (3.00, 7.25) | 4.00 (3.00, 4.75) | 0.017 |
Mean (SD) | 6.70 (8.14) | 3.87 (1.13) | |
At least one furred animal in the household | 25/50 | 30/50 | 0.422 |
Type 1 diabetes proband | |||
Father | 0 | 12/50 (24%) | |
Mother | 0 | 27/50 (54%) | |
Sibling | 0 | 10/50 (20%) | |
Fecal calprotectin (normal 100 mg/g) | |||
Median (IQR) | 1318 (515, 1809) | 39.9 (4.40, 102) | <0.0001 |
Mean (SD) | 1274 (734) | 71.5 (103) | |
Serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein (normal <1664 pg/ml) | |||
Median (IQR) | 637 (419–1091) | 689 (517–1572) | 0.538 |
Mean (SD) | 954 (962) | 1062 (777) | |
Fecal parasites by microscopy | 15/50 (30%) | Not determined | |
Antibiotic (amoxycillin in the majority) within 1 month of fecal collection | 5 (10%) | 8 (16%) | 0.554 |
Any antibiotic ever | Unknown | 11/50 (22%) | |
