Fig. 6: Structural equation models showing the effects of climate, soil factors, anthropogenic disturbances, functional identity, and functional diversity on primary productivity and stability.
a, c Structural equation models (SEMs, n = 868) considering all plausible pathways influencing productivity (a) and stability (c). The black and red solid arrows indicate significant (P < 0.05, two-sided t test) positive and negative pathways, respectively, with numbers on the arrows representing standardized path coefficients. The dashed pathways denote the nonsignificant (P > 0.05) pathways. b, d Standardized total effects of each predictor on productivity (b) and stability (d). Standardized total effects, combining direct and indirect effects, were obtained from bootstrapped SEMs (n = 868). Points represent mean effect estimates, with error bars showing 95% confidence intervals from 500 bootstrap iterations. The a priori model is provided in Supplementary Fig. 4, and the final models with only significant pathways are provided in Supplementary Fig. 5. The goodness-of-fit statistics for the final models were as follows: Fisher’s C = 14.67, P = 0.40, and df = 14 (SEM for productivity) and Fisher’s C = 15.57, P = 0.34, and df = 14 (SEM for stability), indicating a close fit of the models to the data. High CWMPC1 values indicate more acquisitive traits, and high CWMPC2 values indicate larger plant size. MAT mean annual temperature; CMI climate moisture index; WTD water table depth; Disturbance, anthropogenic disturbance; FDis RE traits, functional dispersion of resource economics traits; FDis PS traits, functional dispersion of plant size traits. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
