Fig. 7: Timeframe of geological events within the Amazon Craton and during LIP magmatism.

A KDE plot of igneous zircons from samples of the volcanic and plutonic units assigned to LIP magmatism and contemporaneous events within the Amazon Craton. During the emplacement of the LIPs, high-grade metamorphism (high T/P), crustal partial melting, emplacement of AMCG and gabbro suites and ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in granulite terranes took place. S-type granitoids are only found in small volumes during Cycle 1 and preceding Cycle 2. Continental basins developed during Cycles 2 and 3. B KDE plot of detrital zircon ages of Amazon Craton sedimentary units and riverbeds from 4000 Ma to 900 Ma, indicating the major peaks of data density. *For zircons older than 1500 Ma, apparent ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages were used, whereas for zircons younger than 1500 Ma, apparent ²³⁸U/²⁰⁶Pb ages were used. The main events include the development of greenstone belts and associated TTG domes during the Archean in the Central Brazil Shield and during the Rhyacian in the Guyana Shield. The Transamazon-Birimian Orogeny is bracketed at 2200–2000 Ma. Cycles of LIP magmatism are assigned and closely compatible with peaks of zircon production at ~ 1960 Ma, ~1870 Ma and ~ 1750 Ma. Plate tectonic indicators include two ophiolites: the 2190 Ma Mako ophiolite present in the Birimian Orogen (West African Craton) and the Trincheira ophiolite, with approximately 1460 Ma in the Sunsás Orogen (Amazon Craton). Data for the reproduction of this figure is in Supplementary Data 9.