Fig. 2: Synthesis process and material characterizations of LDH-Tixwt%/HCC.

a EDS mapping images of the sample obtained at each reaction stage for LDH-Ti9wt%/HCC. Metal content at each stage, determined by b ex-situ ICP-OES. c Changes in the transparency of EG + TTIP solution due to chloride ion injection. d Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra (EXAFS) for the Ti K-edge of (up) stage I and stage II, and (down) LDH-Tixwt%/HCC. e X-ray atomic pair distribution function (XPDF) and XPS results f Fe 2p and g Ni 2p for LDH-TiXwt%/HCC. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.