Table 2 Summary of diversity and taxa differences (FDR and age-adjusted)

From: Gut Prevotella stercorea associates with protection against infection in rural African children

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Comparison

Alpha Diversity (GLM)

Beta Diversity (PERMANOVA p/Kruskal–Wallis p/R²)

Taxa (MaAsLin2, q < 0.1; ANOVA, p < 0.05)

1

D1 vs D15 (Not-Ill)

NS (all alpha metrics, FDR p ≥ 0.995)

0.594/0.8483/0.1438

NS

2

D15 vs D85 (Not-Ill)

NS (all alpha metrics, FDR p ≥ 0.168)

0.0117*/0.0148*/0.1206

Bacteroides ↓ D85: β = –0.0318; q = 0.0604

3

D1 vs D85 (Not-Ill)

NS (all alpha metrics, FDR p ≥ 0.202)

0.0016*/0.0006*/0.1191

E. coli ↓ D85: β = –0.0190; q = 0.0706

4

D1 vs D15 (Ill)

NS (all alpha metrics, FDR p ≥ 0.643)

0.0072*/0.8511/0.1043

F. prausnitzii ↑ D15: β = 0.0181; q = 0.0905

5

D15 vs D85 (Ill)

NS (all alpha metrics, FDR p ≥ 0.26)

0.1181/0.8511/0.0953

P. copri ↑ D85: β = 0.0431; q = 0.0635 Bacteroides ↓ D85: β = –0.0268; q = 0.0635

6

D1 vs D85 (Ill)

NS (all alpha metrics, FDR p ≥ 0.061)

0.0142*/0.8511/0.0837

NS

7

D1 Ill vs D1 Not-Ill

Richness & Fisher p = 0.016*; others NS

0.0016*/0.8511/0.1071

NS

8

D15 Ill vs D15 Not-Ill

Richness & Fisher p = 0.006*; others NS

0.0016*/0.5826/0.1252

NS

9

D85 Ill vs D85 Not-Ill

Richness & Fisher p = 1.3 × 10⁻⁴*; others NS

0.0016*/0.0001*/0.0802

P. stercorea ↓ Ill: β = –0.0256; q = 0.0246*

10

D1 Ill vs D85 Not-Ill

Richness & Fisher p = 4.26 × 10⁻⁷*; others NS

0.0016*/0.0001*/0.0939

P. stercorea ↓ Ill: β = –0.0347; q = 0.0006* E. coli ↑ Ill: β = 0.0242; q = 0.0210* Bacteroides ↑ Ill: β = 0.0242; q = 0.0702 S. salivarius ↑ Ill: β = 0.0099; q = 0.0904

11

D15 Ill vs D85 Not-Ill

Richness & Fisher p = 1.66 × 10⁻⁷*; others NS

0.0016*/0.0001*/0.1143

P. stercorea ↓ Ill: β = –0.0357; q = 0.0007* P. copri ↓ Ill: β = –0.0542; q = 0.0162*E. coli ↑ Ill: β = 0.0337; q = 0.0169* Bacteroides ↑ Ill: β = 0.0301; q = 0.0283* S. dextrinosolvens ↓ Ill: β = –0.0160; q = 0.0331*

12

D1 Not-Ill vs D85 Ill

NS (all alpha metrics, FDR p ≥ 0.834)

0.0016*/0.8511/0.0948

NS

13

D15 Not-Ill vs D85 Ill

NS (all alpha metrics, FDR p ≥ 0.438)

0.0016*/0.7242/0.0905

NS

14

Ill vs Not-Ill (ANOVA D1, D15, D85)

NA

NA

P. stercorea ↓ Ill: p₍ill₎ = 0.0228*; p₍time₎ = 0.0115*; p₍int₎ = 0.3492 E. coli ↑ Ill: p₍ill₎ = 0.0249*; p₍time₎ = 0.0703; p₍int₎ = 0.8711

  1. Significant results (p < 0.05) are marked with an asterisk (*).
  2. β: Effect size (absolute change in relative abundance, 0–1).
  3. q: FDR-adjusted p value (significant if q < 0.05).
  4. NS: No taxa met significance threshold.
  5. NA Not applicable.
  6. ↑/↓: Direction of differential abundance.