Fig. 5: Performance of MSP2W battery.

a Photo and cross-section schematic of a multi-stage water battery. Supplementary Fig. 46 for a complete photo without a cross-section. b Temperature variation of storage units in the energy storage process. The inset figure shows a top view of different measurement points. c The cost (measured in USD, $) of MgO-based TES variate with the storage capacity and height, and width proportion. The inset figure is schematic diagrams of the height and width proportion. The calculation methods can be referred to Supplementary Method 8. d Temperature variation and water production of triple-stage P2W battery. The upper figure shows the temperature of the sorbents and condenser; the lower figure shows the harvested and accumulated water. The experiment is shown in Supplementary Movie 4. e Comparison with state-of-the-art passive AWH technologies toward kinetics enhancement, in water collection per heating area and per sorbent, and daily water harvested. The details are given in Supplementary Table 6. f Comparison with state-of-the-art active AWH technologies in specific energy consumption, water collection per kg of sorbent, and daily water harvested. The details can be referred to in Supplementary Table 7. g Comparison of ESD and CPE for different ESSs^58,59. Technologies plotted include hydrogen, Li-ion batteries (Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) and Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)), lead acid batteries, vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB), PHS, and CAES. The output electricity is considered to produce water by a vapor-compression heat pump with a COP of 3. Error bars represent the interquartile range, which defines the central 50% of probable values derived from the uncertainty in the input data.