Fig. 6: Global water scarcity mitigation potential (WSMP) assessment and levelized cost of water of MSP2W.

a WSMP assessment of the MSP2W battery. The map highlights regions with WESI > 0.25, where MSP2W technology could significantly alleviate water scarcity by utilizing renewable energy sources. Areas with WSMP > 1 theoretically have the potential to fully resolve water shortages by providing 185 tons of water per person per year. The calculation details are presented in Supplementary Method 1. b The levelized cost of water with variable charging power of the MSP2W battery compared with the existing active AWH technologies and desalination technologies. c The levelized cost of water with variable thermal energy storage capacity of the MSP2W battery compared with the existing active AWH technologies and desalination technologies. The calculation details are presented in Supplementary Method 9.