Fig. 3: Simulation and experimental comparison of enhanced output performance in Mn-doped MME generators.

a Simulated analysis showing the relative piezopotential distribution on the PIN-PMN-PT layer and relative displacement of the MME generator at its second resonance bending mode (i). Normalized output power derived from simulations for both undoped and Mn-doped PIN-PMN-PT MME generators (ii). Experimental results displaying b open-circuit voltage, c short-circuit current, d RMS output voltage (i), and RMS power output (ii) for the undoped and Mn-doped PIN-PMN-PT MME generators.