Fig. 4: Energy conversion and practical powering of LEDs and laser diodes using Mn-doped MME harvesters.

a Schematic diagram of the energy conversion circuit used by the MME harvester for various electronic applications. b Charging curves of supercapacitors with capacities of 0.11, 0.22, and 0.47 F using the undoped (i) and Mn-doped (ii) MME generators. c Continuous operation of 20 white LEDs powered by the harvested energy. d Operation of a red dot laser diode using the harvested power. The insets in Figs. 4c and 4d show the LEDs and laser diode before illumination.