Fig. 5: Causes of death.

Shown are the death (A) and causes of death (B). The numbers above and within the bars indicate the proportion and number of patients who died during the follow-up period, respectively. ADHM administrative-driven hierarchical management; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GI gastrointestinal; UC = usual care. The χ2 or Fisher exact tests were applied. Two-sided P value was adopted. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.