Fig. 6: Field demonstration of CNTs-PVDF membrane for drinking water treatment.

a Assembled membrane modules for the engineering demonstration (20 columns). b, c Monitoring chart of daily water production yield (designed being 300 m3 d−1) and transmembrane pressure curves for 100 days at constant-flow mode. d, e Monitoring of turbidity, TOC, and removal efficiency for the membrane effluent. f Comparison for the removal capabilities of PFOA and PFTrDA by CNTs-PVDF membrane and coagulation-sedimentation-sand filtration process in water treatment plant.