Fig. 2: Export productivity (EP) stack in the Antarctic zone of the Southern Ocean and Subarctic Pacific, and the associated paleoclimate over the past 160 ka.

a Antarctic air temperature stack (ATS)10; b EP inferred from biogenic opal stack, biogenic barium stack, (biogenic opal+ biogenic barium) stack and its confidence intervals (CI) of 95% in the Antarctic zone of the Southern Ocean (this study); c Subarctic Pacific EP stack and its confidence intervals of 95% (this study), EP at Site 882 inferred by Ba/Al in the subarctic Pacific6,9 and ATS10; d Antarctic (biogenic opal+ biogenic barium) stack and compilation of the atmospheric CO2 records11. The dashed lines mark the Termination I (TI) and Termination II (TII) events.