Table 3 Association (Odds Ratio (95% CI)) of socio-demographic, seasonal, behavioural, and health-related factors with circadian rhythm clusters in the Whitehall II accelerometer sub-studya

From: Circadian rhythm profiles derived from accelerometer measures of the sleep-wake cycle in two cohort studies

 

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Cluster 5

Cluster 6

Cluster 7

Cluster 8

Cluster 9

 

RAR ++

PA ++

RAR +

LIPA +

Sleep −

RAR +

LIPA +

Sleep +

MVPA ++

RAR −

Chronotype −−

RAR −

PA −

Sleep +

RAR −

PA −

Sleep −−

RAR −

PA +

Restless sleep

RAR −−

PA −−

N (%)

495 (12.5)

585 (14.7)

619 (15.6)

378 (9.5)

332 (8.4)

702 (17.7)

363 (9.1)

234 (5.9)

260 (6.6)

Socio-demographic factors

 Age, per 5 years higher age

0.65 (0.57−0.75)**

1.04 (0.93−1.17)

Ref

0.67 (0.58−0.77)**

0.96 (0.83−1.10)

1.44 (1.29−1.61)**

1.48 (1.29−1.69)**

1.03 (0.89−1.20)

1.88 (1.61−2.20)**

 Women

0.74 (0.55−1.00)

0.68 (0.51−0.90)**

Ref

0.31 (0.22−0.45)**

0.51 (0.35−0.72)**

0.70 (0.52−0.93)*

0.29 (0.20−0.43)**

0.39 (0.26−0.59)**

0.48 (0.32−0.74)**

 Non−white ethnicity

1.44 (0.75−2.76)

1.92 (1.12−3.29)*

Ref

0.72 (0.30−1.73)

2.52 (1.40−4.51)**

1.21 (0.71−2.07)

3.78 (2.19−6.53)**

4.02 (2.18−7.43)**

2.76 (1.50−5.06)**

 Lower secondary school or less

0.95 (0.73−1.23)

1.25 (0.98−1.59)

Ref

1.19 (0.90−1.57)

0.77 (0.57−1.04)

0.78 (0.61−0.99)*

0.88 (0.61−1.27)

1.07 (0.77−1.47)

1.00 (0.71−1.41)

 Not married/cohabiting

1.39 (1.01−1.92)*

1.03 (0.76−1.39)

Ref

1.89 (1.35−2.63)**

2.13 (1.53−2.96)**

1.04 (0.77−1.39)

1.48 (1.05−2.07)*

1.62 (1.10−2.39)*

1.80 (1.23−2.63)**

 In employment

0.76 (0.55−1.05)

0.89 (0.66−1.21)

Ref

1.09 (0.79−1.51)

0.65 (0.45−0.94)*

0.92 (0.68−1.24)

0.88 (0.61−1.27)

1.59 (1.10−2.31)*

0.41 (0.23−0.73)**

 Area index of multiple deprivation

         

  Tertile 1

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Tertile 2

1.00 (0.74−1.34)

1.14 (0.87−1.51)

Ref

0.90 (0.66−1.23)

0.79 (0.55−1.13)

0.95 (0.73−1.25)

0.82 (0.58−1.16)

1.10 (0.75−1.59)

1.08 (0.72−1.61)

  Tertile 3

1.35 (0.98−1.85)

1.59 (1.18−2.13)**

Ref

1.31 (0.94−1.83)

1.74 (1.23−1.46)**

1.02 (0.76−1.37)

1.61 (1.14−1.28)**

1.50 (1.01−2.22)*

1.28 (0.84−1.95)

Behavioural factors

 Smoking

         

  Never smokers

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Ex-smokers

1.10 (0.86−1.43)

0.98 (0.78−1.25)

Ref

1.16 (0.89−1.52)

1.30 (0.97−1.74)

0.91 (0.72−1.15)

0.93 (0.70−1.23)

1.09 (0.79−1.50)

1.00 (0.71−1.40)

  Current smokers

0.54 (0.19−1.49)

2.44 (1.11−5.34)*

Ref

0.91 (0.32−2.61)

5.44 (2.45−12.10)**

2.67 (1.19−5.95)*

3.10 (1.28−7.50)*

0.95 (0.29−3.19)

8.76 (3.59−21.35)**

  Alcohol consumption

         

  No consumption

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  1−14 units/week

0.95 (0.66−1.35)

1.01 (0.73−1.39)

Ref

1.34 (0.90−2.00)

0.80 (0.56−1.16)

0.78 (0.57−1.05)

0.89 (0.62−1.29)

0.86 (0.56−1.31)

0.76 (0.51−1.14)

  > 14 units/week

1.37 (0.92−2.05)

1.35 (0.93−1.95)

Ref

1.55 (0.99−2.41)

1.00 (0.65−1.53)

0.83 (0.58−1.20)

1.09 (0.71−1.67)

1.35 (0.84−2.17)

0.58 (0.34−0.97)*

 Fruits and vegetables, <twice a day

1.19 (0.85−1.66)

1.15 (0.85−1.56)

Ref

0.77 (0.53−1.11)

1.24 (0.88−1.77)

1.22 (0.90−1.65)

1.67 (1.20−2.34)**

1.30 (0.89−1.91)

1.62 (1.09−2.39)*

 Daily % >1000 lux, 1 SD higher exposure

1.82 (1.61−2.05)**

1.05 (0.93−1.18)

Ref

0.92 (0.79−1.06)

0.52 (0.44−0.63)**

0.51 (0.44−0.58)**

0.48 (0.40−0.57)**

1.17 (0.998−1.36)

0.21 (0.16−0.28)**

Health−related factors

 BMI, per 5 kg/m² higher BMI

0.70 (0.59−0.83)**

1.39 (1.19−1.62)**

Ref

0.90 (0.75−1.09)

1.55 (1.30−1.85)**

1.73 (1.49−2.00)**

2.31 (1.95−2.75)**

1.13 (0.92−1.40)

2.78 (2.30−3.37)**

 Diabetes

0.70 (0.43−1.14)

1.05 (0.72−1.54)

Ref

0.52 (0.30−0.90)*

0.90 (0.57−1.42)

1.37 (0.96−1.96)

1.23 (0.82−1.85)

0.71 (0.41−1.23)

1.32 (0.84−2.06)

 Hypertension

0.87 (0.67−1.13)

1.30 (1.01−1.66)*

Ref

0.95 (0.72−1.25)

0.77 (0.57−1.03)

1.27 (0.99−1.62)

0.95 (0.70−1.29)

1.07 (0.77−1.49)

1.26 (0.86−1.86)

 Hyperlipidaemia

0.87 (0.67−1.13)

1.03 (0.81−1.31)

Ref

0.93 (0.71−1.22)

0.87 (0.65−1.16)

1.00 (0.79−1.26)

1.03 (0.77−1.37)

1.08 (0.79−1.48)

1.06 (0.76−1.48)

 Prevalence of ≥1 chronic diseasesb

0.94 (0.72−1.24)

0.98 (0.76−1.26)

Ref

0.94 (0.70−1.26)

1.37 (1.01−1.86)*

1.04 (0.81−1.33)

1.11 (0.82−1.49)

0.87 (0.62−1.23)

1.53 (1.08−2.18)*

 CNS medication

0.44 (0.23−0.86)*

1.10 (0.65−1.85)

Ref

0.56 (0.27−1.19)

1.71 (0.98−2.98)

1.21 (0.73−2.02)

2.52 (1.45−4.37)**

2.38 (1.31−4.32)**

3.57 (2.01−6.33)**

  1. ADL activity of daily living, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, CNS central nervous system, LIPA light intensity physical activity, lux illuminance, M mean, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, PA physical activity, RAR rest-activity rhythm, SD standard deviation.
  2. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
  3. aMultinomial logistic regression was performed to compute the odds ratios, the corresponding 95% Cis, and p-values (source data file). All p-values were two-sided with a significance level set at 0.05. Cluster 3 was used as the reference, and the model was mutually adjusted for all presented variables as well as the season of wear.
  4. bFrom a list composed of coronary heart disease, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, depression, other mental disorders, cancer, liver disease, and arthritis.
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