Table 4 Association (Odds Ratio (95% CI)) of socio-demographic, seasonal, behavioural, and health-related factors with circadian rhythm clusters in the UK Biobank accelerometer sub-studya

From: Circadian rhythm profiles derived from accelerometer measures of the sleep-wake cycle in two cohort studies

 

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Cluster 5

Cluster 6

Cluster 7

Cluster 8

Cluster 9

 

RAR ++

PA ++

RAR +

PA +

Sleep -

RAR +

LIPA +

Sleep +

MVPA ++

RAR -

Chronotype --

RAR -

PA -

Sleep +

RAR -

PA -

Sleep --

RAR -

PA +

Restless sleep

RAR --

PA --

Chronotype -

N

5431 (10.5)

6494 (12.6)

8811 (17.1)

6753 (13.1)

5522 (10.7)

8292 (16.1)

4955 (9.6)

1746 (3.4)

3503 (6.8)

Socio-demographic factors

Age, per 5 years higher age

0.63 (0.60−0.66)**

0.83 (0.79−0.87)**

Ref

0.79 (0.76−0.83)**

0.96 (0.92−1.01)

1.27 (1.22−1.33)**

1.17 (1.12−1.23)**

0.98 (0.91−1.05)

1.44 (1.36−1.52)**

 Women

0.63 (0.58−0.68)**

0.40 (0.37−0.43)**

Ref

0.38 (0.36−0.41)**

0.61 (0.57−0.66)**

0.55 (0.52−0.59)**

0.23 (0.21−0.25)**

0.54 (0.48−0.60)**

0.28 (0.26−0.31)**

 Non-white ethnicity

1.00 (0.73−1.36)

1.74 (1.34−2.25)**

Ref

0.89 (0.66−1.20)

1.67 (1.28−2.19)**

0.83 (0.62−1.10)

1.93 (1.47−2.54)**

2.24 (1.59−3.14)**

1.27 (0.92−1.76)

 Lower secondary school or less

1.24 (1.11−1.39)**

1.10 (0.99−1.23)

Ref

1.18 (1.06−1.31)**

0.90 (0.80−1.01)

0.98 (0.88−1.08)

0.96 (0.86−1.02)

0.91 (0.76−1.09)

0.91 (0.80−1.04)

 Not married/cohabiting

1.12 (1.02−1.24)*

1.28 (1.17−1.40)**

Ref

1.35 (1.23−1.47)**

1.49 (1.37−1.64)**

1.18 (1.09−1.29)**

1.50 (1.36−1.65)**

1.38 (1.20−1.58)**

1.85 (1.66−2.05)**

 In employment

0.98 (0.91−1.06)

1.09 (1.01−1.17)*

Ref

0.88 (0.82−0.95)**

0.98 (0.91−1.06)

0.93 (0.86−0.99)*

0.98 (0.90−1.07)

1.26 (1.12−1.42)**

0.87 (0.79−0.96)**

 Townsend deprivation index

         

  Tertile 1

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Tertile 2

0.97 (0.89−1.05)

1.00 (0.93−1.08)

Ref

0.96 (0.89−1.04)

0.96 (0.89−1.05)

0.99 (0.92−1.07)

1.03 (0.94−1.13)

0.97 (0.86−1.11)

0.99 (0.89−1.10)

  Tertile 3

0.94 (0.86−1.03)

1.09 (1.01−1.19)*

Ref

1.10 (1.02−1.19)*

1.33 (1.22−1.45)**

1.17 (1.08−1.26)**

1.36 (1.24−1.48)**

1.22 (1.07−1.39)**

1.59 (1.44−1.77)**

Behavioural factors

Smoking

         

 Never smokers

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Ex-smokers

1.09 (1.01−1.17)**

1.14 (1.07−1.23)**

Ref

0.96 (0.90−1.03)

1.18 (1.10−1.27)**

0.94 (0.88−1.01)

1.07 (0.99−1.16)**

1.04 (0.93−1.16)

1.01 (0.93−1.11)

 Smokers

0.71 (0.59−0.86)**

1.19 (1.02−1.38)*

Ref

0.64 (0.54−0.76)**

1.87 (1.61−2.17)**

1.14 (0.98−1.32)

1.71 (1.47−2.00)**

1.36 (1.08−1.71)**

2.65 (2.25−3.12)**

Alcohol consumption

 No consumption

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 1−14 units/week

0.95 (0.86−1.04)

1.03 (0.94−1.13)

Ref

1.07 (0.98−1.17)

0.94 (0.86−1.03)

0.95 (0.87−1.03)

0.93 (0.84−1.02)

0.97 (0.84−1.11)

0.68 (0.61−0.75)**

 > 14 units/week

1.07 (0.98−1.18)

1.24 (1.14−1.36)**

Ref

1.13 (1.03−1.23)**

0.97 (0.88−1.06)

0.90 (0.83−0.97)*

1.10 (0.99−1.21)

1.03 (0.89−1.18)

0.68 (0.61−0.76)**

Fruits and vegetables <twice/day

0.83 (0.72−0.96)**

1.11 (0.99−1.26)

Ref

0.99 (0.88−1.12)

1.41 (1.25−1.60)**

1.24 (1.11−1.39)**

1.42 (1.25−1.60)**

1.04 (0.86−1.26)

1.68 (1.47−1.92)**

Daily % >1000 lux, per 1 SD higher exposure

1.27 (1.22−1.32)**

1.08 (1.04−1.12)**

Ref

0.99 (0.96−1.03)

0.81 (0.78−0.85)**

0.82 (0.79−0.85)**

0.87 (0.83−0.91)**

0.94 (0.88−0.996)*

0.68 (0.64−0.71)**

Health-related factors

 BMI, per 5 km/m2 higher BMI

0.58 (0.55−0.61)**

0.95 (0.91−0.99)*

Ref

0.87 (0.83−0.91)**

1.41 (1.35−1.47)**

1.50 (1.45−1.56)**

1.62 (1.55−1.69)**

1.20 (1.12−1.28)**

2.13 (2.03−2.23)**

 Diabetes

0.77 (0.62−0.97)*

0.93 (0.77−1.11)

Ref

0.74 (0.61−0.90)**

1.26 (1.06−1.48)**

1.34 (1.15−1.56)**

1.50 (1.28−1.75)**

1.30 (1.01−1.66)*

2.19 (1.87−2.57)**

 Hypertension

1.01 (0.93−1.08)

1.05 (0.98−1.13)

Ref

1.09 (1.02−1.17)*

1.09 (1.02−1.18)*

1.14 (1.07−1.22)**

1.19 (1.10−1.29)**

0.93 (0.84−1.04)

1.27 (1.15−1.39)**

 Hyperlipidaemia

0.96 (0.89−1.03)

1.03 (0.96−1.10)

Ref

1.03 (0.96−1.10)

1.08 (1.00−1.16)*

1.08 (1.01−1.15)*

1.04 (0.96−1.12)

0.92 (0.82−1.03)

1.12 (1.03−1.23)**

 Prevalence of ≥1 chronic diseasesb

0.90 (0.84−0.97)**

0.98 (0.92−1.06)

Ref

0.90 (0.84−0.96)**

1.17 (1.08−1.26)**

1.09 (1.02−1.16)*

1.13 (1.05−1.22)**

1.07 (0.95−1.19)

1.43 (1.31−1.56)*

 CNS medication

0.85 (0.72−1.00)

0.97 (0.84−1.13)

Ref

1.02 (0.87−1.18)

1.42 (1.24−1.63)**

1.18 (1.03−1.34)*

1.11 (0.94−1.29)

1.18 (0.94−1.47)

1.37 (1.17−1.61)**

  1. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, CNS central nervous system, LIPA light intensity physical activity, lux illuminance, M mean, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, PA physically active, RAR rest−activity rhythm, SD standard deviation.
  2. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
  3. aMultinomial logistic regression was performed to compute the odds ratios, the corresponding 95% Cis, and p-values (source data file). All p-values were two-sided with a significance level set at 0.05. Cluster 3 was used as the reference, and the model was mutually adjusted for all presented variables as well as season of wear.
  4. bFrom a list composed of coronary heart disease, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, depression, other mental disorders, cancer, liver disease, and arthritis.
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