Fig. 2: Heterostructural characteristics of TiO2/C3N4 and TiO2/C2N.

a UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV−vis DRS) of TiO2, C3N4, and C2N (inset: the Tauc plots of TiO2, C3N4, and C2N). b XPS valence band (VB) spectra of TiO2, C3N4, and C2N. c Band edge potentials for TiO2, C3N4, and C2N. d, e Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals for DMPO–O2•− and DMPO–HO•, respectively. f Operando Ti 2p XPS spectra of TiO2/C3N4 and TiO2/C2N. g Interfacial charge density distribution at the TiO2/C3N4 and TiO2/C2N junctions. Ti atoms are depicted as blue spheres, and O atoms are depicted as red spheres. h Schematic diagram of charge transfer in TiO2/C3N4 and TiO2/C2N under photoexcitation.