Fig. 5: Flexible all-perovskite tandem solar cells (TSCs) and mini-modules.
a Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) image for a flexible TSC. Scale bar: 350 nm. b J-V curves for the champion device, and inserted the box chart shows the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 17 and 15 flexible TSCs for the reference group and the group with Triton X-100, respectively. c PCE progress for 2 T all-perovskite TSCs. Data include this work and a contemporaneous report published during the review of this manuscript34. d Schematics illustrate the laser scribes interconnecting the subcells in the tandem solar mini-module. ALD atomic layer deposition, NBG narrow-bandgap, WBG wide-bandgap, ITO indium tin oxide, PEN polyethylene naphthalate. e Optical microscope image of scribing lines indicating the P1-P2-P3 interconnections. f J–V curve of the champion flexible tandem solar mini-module. The photo of the device is inserted. VOC open-circuit voltage, JSC short-circuit current density, FF fill factor, GFF geometric fill factor. g Loss analysis of non-optimized mini-module and (h) Optimized mini-module (Laoss, Fluxim). TCO transparent conductive oxide. i PCE potential of a 10 cm × 10 cm flexible tandem solar module based on the layer design and laser scribes with optimized subcell width and dead area, simulated with Laoss (Fluxim).
