Fig. 6: Global comparisons among 3 configurations in large sample space.

a With equivalent material usage, the RF prototype demonstrates high structural performance over the contemporary RF configuration and holds a modest advantage over the timber lattice frame. When occupying the same spatial volume, its structural displacement is markedly lower than that of the contemporary RF configuration and the timber lattice frame. Nine frames with varying configurations and design parameters (frame distance D, component cross-sectional radii R and fitted curvature C) are presented to clarify the comparison, labeled Ⅰ–Ⅸ in sequence. The corresponding Ⅰ–Ⅸ symbols are also marked in Fig. a to indicate the data points representing each frame. b Quantitative trends between performance and design variables offer architects intuitive guidance for initial design decisions (Ry represents sectional radii of components along the y axis, and Dx represents distance between individual frame units along the x axis). The RF prototype demonstrates high structural performance (average displacement reduced by 24.37%) and greater material efficiency (average material usage reduced by 33.13%).