Fig. 2: Conditional Average Causal Effects on the Exposed (CACE) on disposable personal income in the non-retired population, adjusted to 2023 EUR.

Each subplot shows absolute income loss by subgroup, with color indicating relative loss (as a percentage of matched control income over the same period). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals around CACE point estimates. Solid markers denote statistically significant estimates based on two-sided t-tests at α = 0.05; hollow markers are not significant. Sample sizes for each exposed subgroup are shown in parentheses on the y-axis. The unit of analysis is the individual. All replicates are biological, derived from a Danish national register-based cohort. Control groups are matched on age, sex, and baseline demographic, socio-economic, and health characteristics, and matching baseline is defined as the year before diagnosis. Subgroup variables include baseline labor market attachment, highest achieved educational attainment at baseline, baseline personal income quartile measured for each calendar year, age at baseline, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) in the 1–6 years preceding diagnosis, and number of hospitalizations in the 2 years preceding diagnosis. Source data are provided with this paper.