Fig. 3: Experiment 5: 10-Hz RVS increases neural excitation in the visual cortex.
From: Frequency-dependent photic modulation of wakeful consolidation in visual learning
a Setup of the MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) experiment. Participants viewed the screen via mirror reflection from inside the scanner. MRS data were acquired during the ODT (orientation discrimination task) and preprocessed to extract individual spectra. Depicted spectrum was data from a representative participant. b FOVs (fields of view) employed during MRS acquisition. FOVs were placed based on the ROI (region of interest) localizer results to cover early visual cortical areas activated by ODT stimuli. Participants were randomly assigned to be trained in either the lower left or right visual field (VF). Heatmap color is the probability of a voxel being included in the FOVs. c Learning curves in Experiment 5. Error bars are SEMs. N (number of participants) = 45. d Simple main effects analyses from the repeated-measures ANOVA were conducted for each group to compare pre- and post-stimulation performance (two-sided, Bonferroni-adjusted: 10-Hz: F(1,42) = 11.753, p = 0.001, partial η2 = 0.219, 95% CI = [0.040 0.419]; 1-Hz: F(1,42) = 0.441, p = 0.510, partial η2 = 0.010, 95% CI = [0.000 0.140]; 0-Hz: F(1,42) = 0.728, p = 0.399, partial η2 = 0.017, 95% CI = [0.000 0.159]). Discrimination thresholds decreased following 10-Hz RVS (repetitive visual stimulation), with no significant change in the 1-Hz and 0-Hz groups. Filled circles and violins represent individual participants and the probability densities. Black horizontal lines indicate the means. N = 45. e Batch-wise changes in E/I ratios were analyzed using LME (linear mixed effect) models. Left panel shows individual data in all batches. The shaded area represents the interval between the training and test (RVS + rest). Upper right panel shows the data in the five batches in the training, averaged across all subjects (two-sided ANOVA: F(1,114) = 9.385, p = 0.003, partial η2 = 0.076, 95% CI = [0.010 0.183]). Lower right panel shows the group-averaged data in pre (batch #5 in the training) and post (batch #1 in the test) (simple main effect analysis of ANOVA, two-sided, Bonferroni-adjusted: 10-Hz: F(1,37.966) = 4.851, p = 0.034, partial η2 = 0.113, 95% CI = [0.000 0.318]; 1-Hz: F(1,37.966) = 0.365, p = 0.549, partial η2 = 0.010, 95% CI = [0.000 0.146]; 0-Hz: F(1,39.358) = 0.017, p = 0.897, partial η2 = 0.0004, 95% CI = [0.000 0.068]). Filled circles are individuals; error bars are SEMs. N = 42. n.s. non-significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
