Fig. 4: Wear test of different specimens (LDGC, Al2O3@LDGC, TiO2@LDGC, and TiO2/Al2O3@LDGC) after immersion in artificial saliva with different pH values.

Images of SEM and the worn track of specimens (a) UP. CAD, (d) IPS e.max CAD; Wear volume of specimens immersed in saliva after pH 6.8 (b, e) and pH 2.5 (c, f). Statistical significance was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. For UP.CAD at the pH of 6.8, P(LDGC-Al2O3@LDGC) < 0.01, P(LDGC-TiO2@LDGC) < 0.01, P(LDGC-TiO2/Al2O3@LDGC) < 0.01. For UP.CAD at the pH of 2.5, P(LDGC-TiO2@LDGC) < 0.05, P(LDGC-TiO2/Al2O3@LDGC) < 0.05. For IPS e.max CAD at the pH of 6.8, P(LDGC-Al2O3@LDGC) < 0.001, P(LDGC-TiO2@LDGC) < 0.001, P(LDGC-TiO2/Al2O3@LDGC) < 0.001. For IPS e.max CAD at the pH of 2.5, P(LDGC-TiO2@LDGC) < 0.05, P(LDGC-TiO2/Al2O3@LDGC) < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 biological replicates. Error bars represent s.d. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.