Fig. 6: SPW-Rs/ripples and IEDs show distinct modulation patterns of neural spiking in rodents and humans.

a TOP: average LFP trace of all SPW-Rs, aligned to the ripple trough. MIDDLE: Z-scored peri-SPW-R spiking in all recorded putative principal cells and interneurons from 5 APP/PS1 mice during 9 sessions/ 7134 SPW-Rs. Neurons are sorted by hippocampal subfields and by their z-scored firing rate at the ripple trough (±25 ms). BOTTOM: corresponding mean firing rates of all cells by subfield, z-scored to the firing rate before SPW-Rs (−0.5 to −0.1 s) Shaded areas = SEM. b Same for peri-IED spiking, aligned to the negative IED spike (n = 57 IEDs, from 7 sessions/ 5 mice). c TOP: average LFP trace of ripples (n = 732) from one patient (NY6), aligned to the ripple trough. MIDDLE: Z-scored peri-ripples spiking in putative principal cells and interneurons recorded from 10 epilepsy patients, time-locked to ripples (n = 14,116 ripples) detected on the same microwire bundle (local neurons) or to ripples detected on a different microwire bundle in the same patient (remote neurons). Neurons are sorted by their z-scored firing rate at the ripple trough (±25 ms). BOTTOM: corresponding mean firing rates sorted by distance of the neurons from the ripple detection channel (local vs remote), z-scored to the firing rate before SPW-Rs (−0.5 to −0.1 s). d Same for peri-IED spiking aligned to the negative IED spike (n = 6258 IEDs). Only neurons modulated by IEDs detected on the same ripple+ channels as in (a) are shown. The order of neurons is the same order as in (c) to compare directly the peri-IED and peri-ripple modulation for each neuron. a and (c) were created using BioRender. Maslarova, A. (2025) https://BioRender.com/u24k047, and hippocampus images from the hippocampus Allen Brain Atlas (mouse adult brain, https://atlas.brain-map.org/, adult human, https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.24080https://atlas.brain-map.org/). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.